Gross domestic expenditure on R&D: all expenditure on R&D performed in the country, regardless of the source of the money. It is compared between countries as a percentage of GDP.
See also: R&D in Poland
Sources
- GUS, Działalność badawcza i rozwojowa w Polsce w 2025 r.
- Eurostat, GERD by sector of performance (rd_e_gerdtot)
Sources are in Polish. Checked: 2026-11-06