The share of R&D expenditure in GDP: the basic indicator for comparing the research effort of countries and regions.
See also: R&D in Poland · GERD
Sources
- GUS, Działalność badawcza i rozwojowa w Polsce w 2025 r.
- Eurostat, GERD by sector of performance (rd_e_gerdtot)
Sources are in Polish. Checked: 2026-11-06